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Alzheimer's disease (AD) presently occupies the topmost position among the most diagnosed neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with the number of affected people forecasted to reach 100 million by 2050. According to the latest statistics, nearly 44 million people in the world suffer from AD or related dementia, with only one in four being diagnosed with the disease. Currently, the disease has no cure available for its treatment, except for some relief from some of the symptoms. Besides its multifactorial and heterogeneous nature, AD is also progressive, i.e., the symptoms gradually worsen with the passage of years. Multiple risk factors including genetic and environmental sources have been implicated in the emergence of AD, with advancing age being identified as the most significant among them.

Creative Biolabs is an experienced custom in vitro CNS disease modeling services provider. We have been focusing on this field for more than 10 years and have developed a comprehensive technology platform. Our platform is now mature in offering various in vitro CNS disease services, including Alzheimer's disease models. With strong foundations, rich experience, and extensive expertise, we are confident in the quality of our services.

Learn more: alzheimer's disease in vitro model

Background of Tau Uptake and Seeding

Tau proteins are a group of microtubules associated proteins that are mainly located in the central nervous system astrocytes. Tau proteins participate in several biological activities, including regulation of microtubule stabilization and assembly, maintenance of neuronal cytoskeleton, iron export, and axonal transportation. However, tau proteins turn into hyperphosphorylated insoluble aggregates could lead to neurodegenerative tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aggregation of tau may spread throughout the cortex by pathological tau uptake and seeding within neurons. The development of therapeutics for AD that can suppress or prevent the uptake and seeding of tau is coming into perspective. As a result, reliable in vitro assay services offered by Creative Biolabs is able to recur tau uptake and seeding to identify appropriate target epitopes.

Tau Uptake and Seeding Assay at Creative Biolabs

Distinct target epitopes against tau include N-terminal antibodies, phospho-tau–specific antibodies, and conformation-dependent antibodies. Exploring suitable target epitopes and antibodies against tau involved in uptake and seeding, in vitro assays are required that are capable of determining the effect of antibodies on tau uptake and seeding in neurons. Creative Biolabs offers tau uptake assay services to quantify the neuronal tau uptake. You can get an overview of our workflow in the following scheme.

Scientists at Creative Biolabs are expert in targeted delivery system research. We have a series of innovative and advanced platforms to provide fast and convenient liposome development services for our worldwide customers. Currently, we can provide affordable, high-quality Ufasomes-based drug delivery services for diseases diagnosis and therapeutic with unbeatable rapid turnaround times.

Introduction

Ufasomes (unsaturated fatty acid vesicles) are suspensions of closed lipid bilayers that consist of fatty acids, and their ionized species (soap) which are restricted to narrow pH range from 7 to 9. In ufasomes, fatty acid molecules are targeted where their hydrocarbon tails are directed toward the membrane interior and the carboxyl groups are in contact with water. The formation of ufasomes is considered to result from associative interaction in mixtures of fully ionized and unionized fatty acids at pH > 7.0. Stability of ufasomes relies on suitable selection of fatty acid, amount of cholesterol, buffer, pH range, amount of lipoxygenase, and the presence of divalent cations. Recent innovative improvement renders advancement to formulate ufasomes with tailorable features such as extension of pH range, insensitivity toward divalent cations, and enhanced stability.

Creative Biolabs has extensive experience and impressive performance in the field of small molecule drugs and antibody development. With the deepening of the research on small molecule drugs, the demand for anti-drug antibodies is also increasing. Creative Biolabs, relying on its own expertise in these two fields, can provide customers with excellent hapten design and synthesis services to help customers develop better antibodies.

Necessity for Development of Antibodies Against Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the most widely used antibacterial drugs in the global livestock industry. Most of the SAs drugs contain sulfonylamino groups, and the difference in the R group connected to the N1 position causes the structural differences of each monomer drug. SAs ingested by the human can accumulate in the body, which is not only harmful to the human body, but also causes resistance to many bacteria. Therefore, the EU, the United States, and China have all limited the total amount of SAs and the content of individual SAs in animal products to no more than 0.1 mg/kg. Existing instrument methods can meet the needs of sensitivity for the detection of SAs, but they are slow and inefficient, and not suitable for the detection of a large number of samples. Antibody-based immunoassay technology can replace instrumental methods for the screening and detection of large numbers of samples, and has become a hot spot in the field of residue detection. As a key reagent for immunoassay, the nature of the antibody determines the sensitivity and specificity of the detection method. Therefore, reasonable hapten design and preparation has become a bottleneck problem that restricts the development of antibody preparation technology and obtains ideal antibodies.

Learn more: Compound-specific SAs Haptens

Exosome in AD: Exosomes have been reported to serve as a role in the treatment of many diseases including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Due to their small size, exosomes are used as effective carriers that deliver therapeutic drugs to target cells or tissues. Besides, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes also play an essential role in CNS diseases therapies.

exosome lyophilization: Lyophilization is a useful technique that can be used for long-term stable preservation of exosomes. Lyophilized exosome standard is easy to transport and storage, and is stable for over 36 months at 4°C. Besides, lyophilized exosome can be used as control standards for FACS, WB, ELISA and other applications, as well as quantitative calibration standards for foreign and domestic exosomes in biological samples.

exosomal rna isolation kits: Exosomes play a critical role in cell-cell communication by shuttling functional protein or nucleic acid molecules in the target cell. They are involved in a variety of pathological processes such as cancer, infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidences have been suggested that exosomal RNA may be involved in the development or progression of specific human diseases. Some pathogenic miRNAs have been investigated as novel therapeutic targets or disease biomarkers in diverse diseases including cancer.

total exosome isolation reagent: 

Creative Biolabs is very proud of providing the best purification reagents for exosome isolation from urine, biological fluids (i.e., plasma and serum), and cell culture supernatants. The reagents utilize chemical precipitation method to isolate exosomes and the method is simple and timesaving (about 1 hour), does not require special expensive experimental instruments, and only requires centrifuges.

genetically modified T cell: The concept of transferring T cells to patients (adoptive T cell transfers) to treat diseases has been established over the years through ex vivo manipulation, expansion, and reinfusion of T cells targeting specific viruses, for example for the treatment of viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus or Epstein Barr virus infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Adnectin-based CAR-T cell:

Adnectin can be used as the antigen recognition domain in CAR constructs instead of scFv. We have designed multiple antigen-specific adnectin-CARs. Firstly, mRNA display is used to generate different adnectin clones, which target the target extracellular domain with different affinities. Then, different clones of target-specific adnectins were cloned upstream of the hinge domain to replace the scFv sequence. The adnectin-based extracellular domain is connected by the CD8α hinge and transmembrane domain, CD28 and 4-1BB costimulatory domains, and CD3ζ T cell receptor signaling domain. It is worth noting that we also provide adnectin-based first-generation and second-generation CARs.